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SeaMARC II sidescan (imagery and bathymetry) and seismic data reveal the morphology, sedimentary processes, and structural controls on submarine canyon development in the central Izu-Bonin forearc, south of Japan. Canyons extend up to 150 km across the forearc from the trench-slope break to the active volcanic arc. The canyons are most deeply incised (1200–1700 m) into the gentle gradients (1–2°) upslope on the outer arc high (OAH) and lose bathymetric expression on the steep (6–18°) inner trench-slope. The drainage patterns indicate that canyons are formed by both headward erosion and downcutting. Headward erosion proceeds on two scales. Initially, pervasive small-scale mass wasting creates curvilinear channels and pinnate drainage patterns. Large-scale slumping, evidenced by abundant crescent-shaped scarps along the walls and tributaries of Aoga Shima Canyon, occurs only after a channel is present, and provides a mechanism for canyon branching. The largest slump has removed >16 km3 of sediment from an 85 km2 area of seafloor bounded by scarps more than 200 m high and may be in the initial stages of forming a new canyon branch. The northern branch of Aoga Shima Canyon has eroded upslope to the flanks of the arc volcanoes allowing direct tapping of this volcaniclastic sediment source. Headward erosion of the southern branch is not as advanced but the canyon may capture sediments supplied by unconfined (non-channelized) mass flows.Oligocene forearc sedimentary processes were dominated by unconfined mass flows that created sub-parallel and continuous sedimentary sequences. Pervasive channel cut-and-fill is limited to the Neogene forearc sedimentary sequences which are characterized by migrating and unconformable seismic sequences. Extensive canyon formation permitting sediment bypassing of the forearc by canyon-confined mass flows began in the early Miocene after the basin was filled to the spill points of the OAH. Structural lows in the OAH determined the initial locus of canyon formation, and outcropping basement rocks have prevented canyon incision on the lower slope. A major jog in the canyon axis, linear tributaries, and a prominent sidescan lineament all trend NW-NNW, reflecting OAH basement influence on canyon morphology. This erosional fabric may reflect joint/fracture patterns in the sedimentary strata that follow the basement trends. Once the canyons have eroded down to more erosion-resistant levels, channel downcutting slows relative to lateral erosion of the canyon walls. This accounts for the change from a narrow canyon axis in the thickly sedimented forearc basin to a wider, more rugged canyon morphology near the OAH. About 9500 km3 of sediment has been eroded from the central, 200 km long, segment of the Izu-Bonin forearc by the formation of Aoga Shima, Myojin Sho and Sumisu Jima canyons. The volume of sediment presently residing in the adjacent trench, accretionary wedge, and lower slope terrace basin accounts for <25% of that eroded from the canyons alone. This implies that a large volume (>3500 km3 per 100 km of trench, ignoring sediments input via forearc bypassing) has been subducted beneath the toe of the trench slope and the small accretionary prism. Unless this sediment has been underplated beneath the forearc, it has recycled arc material into the mantle, possibly influencing the composition of arc volcanism. 相似文献
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为研究人类活动影响下河流降水径流响应特征,以珠江三角洲典型城镇化流域石马河为研究对象,采集2017年1-12月日降水、河水样品和3场台风期间的时段降水、洪水样品,通过测定其氢氧稳定同位素组成（δD、δ 18O）,分析流域降水、径流氢氧同位素组成特征,并利用同位素二元混合模型,分割3场台风降水事件中事前水及事件水对流量过程的贡献。结果表明,研究区域大气降水δD、δ 18O的变化范围分别为-105.10‰~+9.98‰和-14.80‰~-0.55‰,年加权平均值为-57.88‰和-8.61‰,大气降水线为δD = 7.70δ 18O+8.61（R 2= 0.98）;河水δD、δ 18O的变化范围分别为-91.23‰~-15.96‰和-12.66‰~-4.01‰,δD-δ 18O基本落在局地大气降水线上,表明降水是石马河径流的主要来源。3场台风期间,事件水占洪水总径流量的比例分别为59.7%、55.0%和69.4%,均高于事前水占比。洪水涨水初期事前水和事件水同步增长,涨水后期事件水比例逐渐增大,洪峰期间比例大于80%,成为径流主导成分,表明流域城镇化过程中下垫面不透水面积的增加会显著改变水文循环过程。本研究成果可为珠江三角洲城镇化流域水文预报提供理论基础。 相似文献
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